1. Txoj kev loj hlob
1) Yield
Txij li thaum xyoo 1950, vim yog kev txhim kho ntawm lub teb chaws infrastructure thiab tib neeg lub tsev nyob, qhov kev thov rau sintered vuas tau nce xyoo los ntawm xyoo. Txhawm rau kom ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev ua lag luam, feem ntau ntawm cov cib thiab pobzeb cov lag luam tau hloov pauv txoj hauv kev rov qab los ntawm kev cob qhia cov av nkos, ntoo stick pressing, natural drying, earth kiln roasting, and water oxidation to produce blue vuas ua ntej liberation. Rotary kiln roasting ua cov vuas liab tiaj tus, cov zis thiab cov khoom zoo tau zoo heev, thiab cov vuas tsis yog av nplaum kuj tau tsim sai heev. Los ntawm 6.2 billion vuas ib xyoos twg hauv 1952 txog 11.3 billion vuas hauv xyoo 1965. Los ntawm 1966 txog 1970, ntau lawm tau txo qis heev. Tom qab xyoo 1980, nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo ntawm kev hloov kho thiab qhib, nrog rau kev nthuav dav ntawm cov pobzeb ua lag luam, feem ntau cov tuam txhab lag luam tau hloov kho thev naus laus zis txhawm rau nthuav lawv cov peev txheej tsim khoom, siv kev sib txhuam xovxwm, rau lub log pobzeb xovxwm, pentagonal pobzeb presses, thiab crankshaft pobzeb presses. Nyob rau xyoo 1980s, lub qub Hanjiang Tsev Khoom Machinery Factory tau tsim ZW25 tsis siv neeg tuag-casting pobzeb xovxwm thiab muab tso rau hauv kev ua lag luam, nrog rau cov zis ntawm 1,500 daim ib teev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus thawj Shaanxi Xeev Tuam Tsev Tshiab Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob tau tsim JWK ob-theem lub tshuab nqus tsev pobzeb extrusion tshuab, nrog rau cov zis ntawm 3,{19}} daim ib teev, uas tsis tsuas yog nce cov zis, tab sis kuj txhim kho cov khoom siv. khoom zoo. Kev vam meej thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov pobzeb kev lag luam. Vim txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm infrastructure thiab vaj tse, qhov kev thov rau cov vuas tau nce sai heev. Txog rau qhov kawg no, tom qab xyoo 1983, qhov kev loj hlob txhua xyoo ntawm 4.6 billion daim. Sichuan Province yog lub xeev uas tsim cov vuas ntau tshaj plaws hauv kuv lub tebchaws, mus txog 11 billion daim hauv xyoo 1990, ua raws li Hunan, Henan, Guangxi thiab lwm lub xeev thiab thaj chaw muaj kev ywj pheej, nrog rau ntau tshaj 5 billion daim, ua rau nws yog lub xeev loj ua cov pobzeb hauv lub tebchaws. Zibo City, Shandong yog ib qho ntawm cov cheeb tsam uas muaj cov av nplaum loj tshaj plaws hauv kuv lub tebchaws. Vim muaj cov av nplua nuj thiab cov av zoo, cov khoom muaj qib zoo. Lawv tsis tsuas yog muab hauv zos xwb, tab sis kuj muag rau North Tuam Tshoj thiab Northeast Tuam Tshoj. Xyoo 2000, cov khoom tsim tawm txhua xyoo ntawm lub teb chaws mus txog 77 billion daim, dhau los ua lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws tsim cov vuas vov tsev.
2) Ntau yam
Los ntawm kev xav ntawm cov pobzeb ntau yam, ua ntej xyoo 1995, sintered vuas (xws li sintered coloured vuas, thiab lwm yam) suav txog 99 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov zis, thiab cov vuas tsis-sintered tsuas yog 1 feem pua. Ntawm cov vuas sintered, av nplaum tiaj tus account rau 80 feem pua; lwm cov vuas me me ntsuab, cov nplais pobzeb, cov vuas raj thiab ntau cov vuas xim muaj txog li 20 feem pua.
① Sintered av nplaum tiaj tus nplais
Sintered av nplaum tiaj tus nplais yog cov pobzeb ua los ntawm cov av nplaum, shale, thiab lwm yam raws li cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, uas yog tsim, qhuav thiab ci tom qab ua cov khoom siv raw. Qhov loj yog 400 mmx240 mm ~ 360 mmx220 mm, thickness yog 10-20 mm, thiab cov dej nqus tus nqi tsis ntau tshaj 21 feem pua, qhov khoov tsis ua hauj lwm load tsis tsawg tshaj li {{6 } } N. Kev tsim cov av nplaum tiaj tus vuas hauv kuv lub teb chaws yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov peev txheej, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem tau txais hauv zos. Mounds, av roob, shale, av nplaum, dej av nkos, hiav txwv av nkos, pas dej av nkos, gangue, thiab lwm yam yog tag nrho cov raw cov ntaub ntawv los tsim cov vuas tiaj tus. Teb hlawv vuas. Vim tias cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab cov khoom siv ntawm sintered av nplaum tiaj tus vuas yog qhov yooj yim, tus nqi thiab tus nqi qis (tam sim no kwv yees li 0.5 yuan ib thooj), thiab nws cov khoom muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li cov kev cai ntawm ru tsev waterproofing, thermal rwb thaiv tsev thiab thermal rwb thaiv tsev ntawm kev tsim kho tej yaam num. nyob rau hauv nroog thiab nyob deb nroog, yog li nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv nroog thiab nyob deb nroog tej yaam num. feem ntau ntawm cov neeg siv nyiam.
Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem av nplaum tiaj tiaj yog tsim los ntawm cov pobzeb zoo tib yam nias tshuab, thiab cov ntsiab lus noo noo siab. Lub cev ntsuab yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv lub lauj kaub tais diav, thiab ziab hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo li 20 hnub hauv qhov ziab kom qhuav ua ntej nws tuaj yeem raug rho tawm haujlwm hauv qhov cub. Cov kev xav tau yog siab, cov cuab yeej siv tau loj, lub voj voog ntau lawm ntev, cov nplais tawg yog siab, cov zis tawm tsawg, thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Thaum xyoo 1980s lig, qee lub tuam txhab tau txais cov txheej txheem semi-dry pressing pobzeb. Cov dej noo ntawm lub cev ntsuab yog 14 feem pua rau 16 feem pua. Tom qab tsim, nws muaj qee lub zog thiab tuaj yeem raug rho tawm ncaj qha rau hauv qhov cub, uas txo cov txheej txheem txuas thiab txuag ntoo thiab qhov chaw. Lub zog ua haujlwm raug txo qis, cov dej noo hauv cov kiln txo qis heev, lub sij hawm roasting luv luv, cov zis tau nce, tus nqi txo, thiab lub zog txuag.
Extruded ca pobzeb kuj yog ib qho kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev tsim cov av nplaum tiaj tus txheej txheem cov khoom siv. Kev nias yog hloov mus rau extrusion molding, uas txo cov molding ya raws, tsis siv ntoo pallets, shortens lub voj voog ziab, thiab tuaj yeem ua rau cov zis ntau ntxiv. Tam sim no, lub teb chaws extruded ca pobzeb suav txog li 10 feem pua ntawm cov khoom siv av nplaum tiaj tus. Cov pobzeb nias muaj 4 claws, thiab cov pobzeb extruded yuav tsum muaj 2 claws thiab qhov siab tsis tsawg tshaj li 5 hli. Tsis txaus, cov vuas tau yooj yim tawg thaum muaj cua daj cua dub, yog li kev tsim kho tshuab thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo yuav tsum tau txhim kho.
② Cov nplais me me (yias vuas, cov vuas raj)
Feem ntau ntawm cov vuas me me ntsuab yog tsim los ntawm tes thiab raug rho tawm haujlwm hauv av kilns. Cov zis yog tsawg thiab qhov tsis zoo. Cov zis hauv Jiangnan thiab Southwest Tuam Tshoj yog qhov loj heev. Nws yog kwv yees tias tam sim no lub teb chaws cov khoom lag luam yog kwv yees li 1 billion daim. Vim tus nqi qis, nws tau siv ntau dua hauv kev tsim kho vaj tse nyob deb nroog. Nrog rau kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm tib neeg cov kev xav tau rau qib ntawm kev kho vaj tse nyob, lub lag luam me me ntawm cov nplais ntsuab yuav txo qis ib xyoos ib zaug, thiab cov khoom tsim tawm kuj yuav txo xyoo ib xyoos. Tau kawg, qee qhov haujlwm thiab cov tsev qub qub nrog cov kev cai tshwj xeeb yog irreplaceable los ntawm lwm cov vuas.
③ Sintered coloured vuas (cov vuas glazed, matt xim vuas)
Sintered coloured vuas muab faib ua ob hom: glazed thiab xim. Cov pobzeb glazed yog glazed, thiab matt xim pobzeb yog xim tsis muaj glaze, kuj hu ua xim dawb pobzeb. Cov txheej txheem ntau lawm thiab sintering
Cov vuas av nplaum zoo sib xws, thiab cov vuas xim ntxiv glaze, glazing, xim thiab lwm yam txheej txheem rau lub cev, tab sis cov txheej txheem ntau lawm thiab cov khoom siv sib txawv heev. Txawm hais tias kev tsim cov vuas xim hauv kuv lub teb chaws muaj keeb kwm ntev, vim yog daim ntawv thov nqaim thiab cov khoom tsim tawm tsawg, nyob rau xyoo kaum xyoo tom qab kev ywj pheej, vim cov neeg nyob qis qis, cov vuas xim tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau ntau txhiab tsev neeg. . Nrog rau kev hloov kho thiab qhib thiab kev loj hlob sai ntawm lub teb chaws kev lag luam, tib neeg cov kev ua neej nyob tau zoo dua qub, thiab cov vaj tsev pej xeem thiab kev tsim kho vaj tse tau mus txog qib siab dua, tsis yog tsom rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv xwb, tab sis kuj muaj cov kev xav tau siab dua rau kev pom zoo thiab architectural xim. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub lig 1990s, thiaj li yuav ua rau kom cov xim thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub nroog loj thiab nruab nrab, lub xeev tau hais tias lub ru tsev sloping ntawm tshiab tej yaam num nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej yuav tsum tsis txhob tsawg tshaj li 30 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov project, hloov cov kev cai. ntawm lub nroog matchbox-hom tiaj-ru tsev thiab nruj vaj tse. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev thov rau cov vuas xim tau nce sai heev. Vim li no, qee lub tuam txhab uas tsim cov vuas xim ntawm tes tau hloov mus rau hauv kev tsim khoom siv tshuab los ntawm kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis, uas tau txhim kho cov khoom tsim tawm thiab cov khoom zoo. Nyob rau hauv 1987, kuv lub teb chaws txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab tsim department tsim thiab tsim ib tug kuj advanced xim pobzeb ntau lawm kab.
Nws tau txais tos los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab nyiam cov xim ntawm cov tuam tsev uas cuam tshuam.
④ Glazed pobzeb
Kev tsim cov pobzeb glazed yog qhov thib ob firing, uas yog, lub cev ntsuab yog thawj bisque raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm 1 100-1 200 degree , thiab tom qab ntawd cov hlau lead glaze yog siv thiab raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm 850-900 oC, tab sis cov txheej txheem firing thib ob yooj yim ua rau cov tsos ntawm glaze ntawm cov khoom. Qhov tsis xws luag ntawm cracking, chipping thiab lead ua paug nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm txwv tsis pub siv cov tsoos glazed vuas. Txhawm rau txhim kho nws cov khoom zoo thiab tiv thaiv kev ua qias tuaj, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tau raug txhim kho, thiab cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo dua. Kev tua hluav taws ib zaug tsis yog tsuas yog txhim kho lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov pobzeb, tab sis kuj daws qhov tawg ntawm cov hlau lead glaze, thiab cov ci ci ntawm cov glaze muaj ntau dua thiab ruaj khov, uas ua rau cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yooj yim, txo lub zog thiab cov nqi, thiab txhim kho cov khoom zoo. Tom qab xyoo ntawm kev xyaum ntau lawm, tam sim no, feem ntau glazed pobzeb manufacturers tau hloov mus rau ib zaug firing, siv frit glaze thiab raw khoom glaze, uas zoo heev enriches cov xim ntawm cov vuas glazed. Nyob rau xyoo 1990, txhawm rau txhim kho qib, qib thiab zoo ntawm cov vuas glazed hauv kuv lub teb chaws thiab ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm kev ua lag luam, Foshan, Yixing, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Sanhe County, Hebei, thiab lwm yam tau qhia ze li ntawm 10 cov kab ntau lawm los ntawm txawv teb chaws, tsis tsuas yog rau domestic zus tau tej cov vuas glazed. Ua lub luag haujlwm ua qauv qhia, tab sis kuj ua kom nrawm nrawm thiab txhim kho kev lag luam. Nws tau nkag siab tias lub xeev tseem ceeb thiab lub nroog tsim cov vuas glazed hauv lub tebchaws yog Beijing, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Shandong, Hunan, Guangdong, Shaanxi, Zhejiang thiab Hebei. Cov cheeb tsam uas muaj cov khoom ntim ntau yog Foshan hauv Guangdong, Zibo hauv Shandong thiab Yixing hauv Jiangsu. Tam sim no, muaj ntau pua lub lag luam uas muaj qee qhov teev thiab cov khoom tsim tawm hauv lub tebchaws, nrog rau cov khoom tsim tawm txhua xyoo txog li 1 billion glazed vuas, uas ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv hauv nroog thiab cov neeg nyob deb nroog.
⑤ Matte pobzeb
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab cov khoom siv ntawm cov pobzeb xim matt yog tib yam li cov pobzeb glazed, tshwj tsis yog tias cov pobzeb glazed txoj kev glazing tau hloov mus rau cov xim kub kub ntawm cov xim sib txawv ntawm cov nplais ntawm lub cev los ua ib lub siab- qib matt xim pobzeb. Tus nqi tsim khoom thiab tus nqi yog kwv yees li 10 feem pua qis dua li ntawm cov pobzeb glazed. , nyiam los ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov neeg siv. Cov matt xim vuas tsim los ntawm feem ntau glazed pobzeb factories account rau 30 feem pua rau 40 feem pua ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm txhua xyoo, thiab cov chaw tsim khoom ib leeg muaj ntau dua 50 feem pua, uas yog cov khoom lag luam nrog cov khoom lag luam siab.
⑥ Xim pobzeb pobzeb
Nws tau nkag siab tias kuv lub tebchaws tau pib tsim cov pobzeb cement los ntawm tes thaum ntxov li xyoo 1940, tab sis raug tshem tawm vim cov khoom tsis zoo. Xyoo 1987, Jingzhou City, Hubei Xeev tau qhia thawj xim pobzeb ntau lawm kab los ntawm Sweden. Tom qab xyoo 1990, cov khoom siv pobzeb xim thiab cov thev naus laus zis los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, Tebchaws Askiv, Fabkis, Ltalis, Australia thiab lwm lub tebchaws tau nkag mus rau peb lub tebchaws. Tam sim no, muaj ntau ntau cov cuab yeej tsim khoom lag luam hauv lub tebchaws, tsim cov cuab yeej ntawm cov khoom sib txawv thiab cov nplais, uas tau txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kuv lub teb chaws cov xim pobzeb kev lag luam.
Tam sim no, muaj ob hom txheej txheem ntau lawm rau cov vuas xim hauv kuv lub teb chaws, ib qho yog txheej txheem yob thiab lwm qhov yog txheej txheem molding. Cov txheej txheem yob txoj kev thiab cov cuab yeej siv tau yooj yim, kev nqis peev tsawg, thiab cov nqi tsim khoom tuaj yeem txo qis heev. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau manufacturers siv cov txheej txheem no; cov txheej txheem molding ntau lawm cov cuab yeej thiab cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo heev, thiab tuaj yeem tsim ntau hom pobzeb, uas yog cov vuas corrugated, S-shaped Rau cov vuas thiab cov vuas tiaj, cov khoom tsim tawm txhua xyoo ntawm ib chav tsev yog ntau tshaj 3 lab daim, thiab cov khoom tsim. Siab feem ntau yog ntau dua 1 500}}} Cov khoom ntom, kabmob muaj peev xwm thiab cov huab cua tsis kam yog qhov zoo. Qee cov khoom siv pobzeb tseem ceeb siv cov tshuab txawv teb chaws los tsim thiab tsim ob-molded lim-hom cement xim pobzeb tshuab, uas tsis yog tsuas yog muaj kev ua haujlwm siab, tab sis kuj muaj kev pom zoo. , Cov kab ntshiab, tsis tshua muaj dej nqus, zoo Frost tsis kam, hnav tsis kam thiab lwm yam khoom, tuaj yeem tsim cov vuas Japanese-style, European-style vuas, Spanish vuas thiab cov vuas vov tsev zoo ntawm ntau hom. Qib.
Tam sim no, feem ntau ntawm cov txheej txheem xim rau cov vuas xim uas tsim tawm yog xim pleev xim rau saum npoo (txhaj xim pleev xim). Txawm hais tias cov nyhuv xim yog qhov zoo thiab tus nqi qis, cov xim durability tsis zoo. Feem ntau, cov xim pobzeb yuav hloov tau zoo heev tom qab 2 mus rau 3 xyoos ntawm kev siv hauv cov haujlwm dav dav.
Tsis ntev los no, hauv kev teb rau cov teeb meem uas twb muaj lawm ntawm cov vuas xim, cov tuam txhab lag luam tau tsim cov txheej txheem tshiab thiab cov thev naus laus zis tshiab rau cov xim pleev xim rau saum npoo, tag nrho cov xim, thiab molding xim vuas, thiab tsim cov vuas xim nrog cov xim ci thiab cov huab cua tsis zoo, uas yog cov neeg siv nyiam. . . Vim tias cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, thev naus laus zis thiab cov cuab yeej siv tau yooj yim, kev nqis peev me me, cov xim ntawm cov khoom muaj ntau yam, thiab tus nqi kuj yog nruab nrab (2.5-3.5 yuan / thooj), yog li nws tau txais tos los ntawm cov feem ntau ntawm cov neeg siv, thiab cov khoom muaj kev lag luam loj dua. kev loj hlob sai. Tom qab tsoomfwv txwv tsis pub tsim cov vuas luaj los ntawm kev puas tsuaj, tam sim no muaj ntau txhiab lub lag luam hauv tsev nrog cov khoom tsim tawm txhua xyoo txog li 2 billion daim, uas tau maj mam hloov cov vuas av hauv qee thaj chaw. Tam sim no, muaj ntau lub tuam txhab nyob hauv Jiangsu, Zhejiang thiab lwm lub xeev thiab nroog. Hauv qee thaj chaw, nws tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv vov tsev uas nyiam tshaj plaws hauv cov tsev lag luam thiab pej xeem. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim cov vuas luaj hauv kuv lub teb chaws feem ntau yog cov chaw tsim khoom me me, thiab cov khoom siv tshuab, tshuab, khoom siv thiab kev tswj hwm qib qis, thiab muaj qhov sib txawv loj piv nrog cov teb chaws txawv teb chaws. Feem ntau cov tuam txhab tsim cov nplais pwm tsim cov pwm nrawm ntawm 8-12 daim / min, thiab cov tuam txhab ua cov nplais dov tsim pwm ceev ntawm 15-25 daim / min. Tsuas yog ob peb lub tuam txhab loj dua muaj kev tsim molding ceev ntawm ntau tshaj 35 daim / min, thiab kev tsim thiab molding ceev ntawm untouching thiab sab sauv, thiab unloading yog tag nrho cov kev khiav hauj lwm phau ntawv, thiab cov ntau lawm efficiency yog tsawg heev. Muaj tsawg lub lag luam uas automate ib tug series ntawm cov txheej txheem xws li raw khoom thauj, pobzeb nias, tshuaj tsuag, txee tu, demoulding, thiab tshuaj tsuag sealant. Tsis muaj lub tuam txhab muaj cov kab ntim tsis siv neeg rau cov vuas xim. Kev tso tawm ntawm kev lag luam tus qauv jc 746--1999 rau cov vuas pob zeb hauv xyoo 1999 ntxiv txhawb kev tsim cov vuas xim.
⑦ Asphalt shingles
Asphalt shingles nyob rau hauv kuv lub teb chaws tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub lig 1990s. Nws yog tsuas yog ib daim ntawv thaiv ru tsev waterproof ntawv ua los ntawm iav fiber lev raws li lub hauv paus, them nrog cov xim ntuj xuab zeb ntawm ib sab thiab sprinkled nrog insulating cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub sab. Cov khoom no tsuas yog siv rau lub ru tsev sloping. Qhov loj tshaj plaws feature yog tias nws yog lub teeb nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab muaj ntau xim, yog li nws tau tsim sai heev, thiab cov ntawv thov feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv Shanghai, Dalian thiab lwm qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, asphalt shingles yog qhov yooj yim rau hnub nyoog, deform, thiab muaj cov nplaim hluav taws tsis zoo, thiab lub neej kev pab cuam tsuas yog txog 10 xyoo; Tom qab siv rau ntawm lub ru tsev, nws feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib txuas tsis zoo los yog tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov nplaum, ua rau lub ru tsev tsis muaj dej, thiab nws yuav raug cua daj cua dub. Thiab vim yog tus nqi siab, kev ua lag luam tau cuam tshuam loj heev.
⑧ Xim steel pobzeb
Cov vuas xim hlau kuj tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1990s. Nws cov khoom yog tsim los ntawm nias steel daim hlau, thiab saum npoo yog txau nrog cov xim. Qhov zoo yog: lub teeb yuag, tus nqi qis, thiab kev tsim kho yooj yim. Qhov tsis zoo yog: vim qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov hlau phaj, cov xim tsis yooj yim poob, yooj yim rau ploj, yooj yim rau corrode, tsis zoo durability, ceev hloov tshav kub, tsis zoo moisturizing thiab tshav kub rwb thaiv tsev kev ua tau zoo, thiab lub suab nrov nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no. nag thiab lawg. Nws tau nkag siab tias muaj qee lub khw hauv Northeast thiab lwm thaj chaw.
⑨ Lwm ntau yam ntawm cov vuas
Lwm yam muaj xws li iav fiber reinforced yas vuas, yas steel vuas, fiber reinforced cement vuas, asbestos vuas thiab lwm yam khoom. Vim muaj cov zis tsawg thiab kev ua lag luam me me, tsab xov xwm no yuav tsis piav txog lawv.
